Russian Strategic Aviation - An Imagery Overview

INTRODUCTION

One of the primary missions of the Russian Air Force is that of strategic warfighting. To that end, there are various facilities and aircraft around the nation performing a variety of roles in support of the strategic warfighting mission. While there have been drawdowns and force reductions in recent years, the Russian military still maintains a very robust, capable, and varied strategic warfighting air arm.

AIRCRAFT

Russian strategic air assets fall into two categories: offensive and defensive. The offensive component consists of Tupolev bombers, primarily the Tu-22M3 BACKFIRE-C theater bomber and the Tu-95MS BEAR-H and Tu-160 BLACKJACK strategic missile carriers. The defensive component consists of MiG-31 FOXHOUND interceptors and Beriev A-50 MAINSTAY AEW&C platforms. A handful of Ilyushin Il-78 MIDAS aerial refueling platforms are also in service, primarily tasked with supporting the strategic aviation fleet.

Command and control assets such as the Il-86 CAMBER are also used to support strategic warfighting, but are not within the scope of this article. These assets are based at Moscow-Sheremetyevo.

Tu-22M3 BACKFIRE-C (Visible force: 171 aircraft)
The Tu-22M3 BACKFIRE-C is the primary theater strike aircraft for the Russian military. The Tu-22M3 is employed by both Long Range Aviation and the AV-MF. AV-MF aircraft are primarily tasked in an anti-shipping role. Both air arms employ the Kh-22 (AS-4 KITCHEN) standoff nuclear missile as the BACKFIRE-C's primary armament. Kh-15 (AS-16 KICKBACK) hypersonic strike missiles can also be employed, as well as unguided gravity bombs of various sizes.

Tu-95MS BEAR-H (Visible force: 39 aircraft)
The elderly Tu-95 remains one of Russia's most important combat assets. The Tu-95MS variant is employed as a cruise missile carrier, equipped with an internal rotary launcher for six Kh-55 (AS-15 KENT) ALCMs. Initially, the Tu-95MS was available in two versions, the Tu-95MS-6 and the Tu-95MS-16. The Tu-95MS-6 was armed with the internal rotary launcher, while the Tu-95MS-16 added two hardpoints under each wing allowing for the external carriage of a further ten Kh-55s. In accordance with the START agreement, the external carriage capability was removed, essentially resulting in a force of only Tu-95MS-6 variants. At least one Tu-95MS airframe has been active at Zhukovskiy as the Tu-95MA, being responsible for advanced weapons trials. This aircraft was responsible for launching the Kh-80 Meteorit supersonic ALCMs before that program was cancelled due to development problems.

Tu-160 BLACKJACK (Visible force: 16 aircraft)
The Tu-160 BLACKJACK remains the largest combat aircraft in the world. Approximately 25% larger than it's Western counterpart, the B-1B, the Tu-160 is a supersonic, intercontinental-range cruise missile carrier. Two internal rotary launchers allow for the carriage of twelve Kh-55 ALCMs. The USSR had planned on acquiring 100 Tu-160s, but the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union resulted in only a fraction of that number being completed, with 19 aircraft at Priluki AB being taken over by the Ukraine after the breakup. Eight Ukrainian aircraft eventually joined the six operational Russian examples at Engels AB via a debt repayment agreement, with a further aircraft being completed at the Kazan factory. Two or three other aircraft will still be completed at Kazan, and will join the operational fleet, along with two refurbished examples taken from the Tupolev test fleet at Zhukovskiy, one of which was delivered to Engels last year. One operational Tu-160 has been lost, leaving Russia with an eventual fleet of 18 or 19 aircraft, and a current strength of 15 aircraft.

MiG-31 FOXHOUND (Visible force: 213 aircraft)
The MiG-31 FOXHOUND is a strategic interceptor tasked with defending Russia's vast airspace from inbound strategic bombers, cruise missiles, or reconnaissance aircraft. The MiG-31's primary weapon is the R-33S (AA-9 AMOS B) long-range AAM. The R-33S, a SARH weapon, is an improved version of the initial R-33 (AMOS A). The R-33S was developed alongisde an avionics upgrade for the MiG-31 as a response to American espionage which compromised the initial systems, and has a maximum range of 160 kilometers. Three versions of the MiG-31 are presently fielded: the baseline MiG-31,the improved MiG-31B which added IFR capability, and the MiG-31BS, which is a MiG-31 upgraded to MiG-31B standard. Upgrades and overhauls are performed at the factory at Nizhny Novgorod.

A-50 MAINSTAY (Visible force: 19 aircraft)
Beriev's A-50 MAINSTAY is an AEW&C conversion of the Ilyushin Il-76 CANDID transport. Incorporating a Shmel' radar system in a rotodome above the rear fuselage, the A-50 is the airborne early warning component of the strategic defense network.

Il-78 MIDAS (Visible force: 19 aircraft)
The Il-78 MIDAS is an in-flight refueling tanker based on the Il-76 CANDID transport. Russia's Il-78 force is primarily tasked to support strategic aviation due to the small size of the fleet; when the USSR broke up, a good deal of the in-service Il-78s were in the Ukraine. Two versions exist, the Il-78 and Il-78M. The Il-78 is a single-point refueling platform incorporating a drogue system in the rear fuselage. The Il-78M is a three-point refueling platform, adding two additional drogues under the outer wings.

PRIMARY FACILITIES

Strategic aviation facilities are described in the following manner:
-Name (strategic aircraft assigned)
-Any relevant details in brief
-Location, in the form of geographic coordinates
-Visible ORBAT as of 20 December 2007; if the site is in low resolution, that is annotated and no visible ORBAT is listed
-Defenses are listed in the form of nearby SAM sites whose range rings overlap the airfield in question

Alekseyevka (Tu-22M3)
-Location: 49°14'09.85"N 140°11'31.40"E
-Visible ORBAT: 16 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Alekseyevka AB:
The following image depicts the Tu-22M3 parking area:
Bolshoye Savino (MiG-31)
-Location: 57°55'00.16"N 56°01'36.45"E
-Visible ORBAT: None (low resolution)
-Defenses: None

Engels (Tu-95MS, Tu-160)
-Location: 51°28'47.26"N 46°12'49.45"E
-Visible ORBAT: 13 Tu-95MS, 12 Tu-160
-Defenses: S-300P garrison 7 kilometers SSW

The following image depicts Engels AB:
The following image depicts the main parking ramp:
The following image depicts the north end of the parking ramp:
The following image depicts the eastern parking area:
Irkutsk Belaya (Tu-22M3)
-Location: 52°54'53.26"N 103°34'31.77"E
-Visible ORBAT: 26 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: S-300PM site 61 kilometers SSE

The following image depicts Irkutsk Belaya AB:
The following image depicts the Tu-22M3 parking area:
The following image depicts 2 Tu-22M3s in a possible maintenance area:
Ivanovo (A-50)
-Location: 57°03'28.62"N 40°58'51.91"E
-Visible ORBAT: 17 A-50
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Ivanovo AB:
The following image depicts the northern parking ramp:
The following image depicts the southern parking ramp:
Kansk (MiG-31)
-Location: 56°07'30.08"N 95°39'56.31"E
-Visible ORBAT: 27 MiG-31
-Defenses: S-300P garrison 49 kilometers W

The following image depicts Kansk AB:
The following image depicts the northeast parking area:
The following image depicts the southwest parking area:
The following image depicts five MiG-31s in a possible maintenance area:
Khotilovo (MiG-31)
-Location: 57°39'19.05"N 34°05'56.13"E
-Visible ORBAT: 15 MiG-31
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Khotilovo AB, apparently undergoing runway repairs:
The following image depicts the north parking area:
The following image depicts the central parking area:
Kotlas (MiG-31)
-Location: 60°59'42.35"N 46°52'04.65"E
-Visible ORBAT: 30 MiG-31
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Kotlas AB:
The following image depicts the north parking area:
The following image depicts the central parking area:
The following image depicts the south parking area:
The following image depicts two MiG-31s on a possible alert parking ramp:
The following image depicts a MiG-31 in a possible maintenance area:
Morshansk (MiG-31)
-Location: 53°26'18.15"N 41°44'13.72"E
-Visible ORBAT: None (low resolution)
-Defenses: None

Olenegorsk (Tu-22M3)
-Location: 68°09'06.94"N 33°27'55.42"E
-Visible ORBAT: 38 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: S-300PM-1 site 7 kilometers NW, S-300PM-1 site 99 kilometers N, S-300PM-1 site 119 kilometers N

The following image depicts Olenegorsk AB:
The following image depicts the northern parking area:
The following image depicts the southern parking area:
Omsk (MiG-31)
-Location: 54°58'25.86"N 73°33'20.49"E
-Visible ORBAT: None (low resolution)
-Defenses: None

Ostrov (Tu-22M3)
-Ostrov is home to the Tu-22M3 training unit.
-Location: 57°17'52.27"N 28°26'01.01"E
-Visible ORBAT: None (low resolution)
-Defenses: None

Petropavlovsk-Yelizovo (MiG-31)
-Location: 53°10'10.91"N 158°27'13.98"E
-Visible ORBAT: 29 MiG-31
-Defenses: S-300PM site 5.4 kilometers SW, S-300PM site 24 kilometers ESE, S-300PM site 25.5 kilometers S

The following image depicts Petropavlovsk-Yelizovo AB:
The following image depicts the northern parking area:
The following image depicts the southern parking area:
The following image depicts five MiG-31s in a possible maintenance area:
Ryazan (Il-78, Tu-22M3, Tu-95MS)
-Ryazan is home to the Tu-95MS training unit.
-Location: 54°38'44.53"N 39°34'18.49"E
-Visible ORBAT: 19 Il-78, 11 Tu-22M3, 9 Tu-95MS
-Defenses: S-300PM-1 site 130 kilometers NW

The following image depicts Ryazan AB:
The following image depicts the southwestern parking area:
The following image depicts the central parking area:
The following image depicts the northeastern parking area:
Sandagou (MiG-31)
-Location: 44°05'04.91"N 133°52'05.85"E
-Visible ORBAT: 20 MiG-31
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Sandagou AB:
The following image depicts the northwest parking area:
The following image depicts the northeast parking area:
The following image depicts two MiG-31s in a possible maintenance area:
Savasleyka (MiG-31)
-Savasleyka is home to the training unit for the MiG-31 fleet.
-Location: 55°26'30.13"N 42°18'42.75"E
-Visible ORBAT: None (low resolution)
-Defenses: None

Shaykovka (Tu-22M3)
-Location: 54°13'32.20"N 34°22'10.00"E
-Visible ORBAT: 25 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Shaykovka AB:
The following image depicts the southwestern parking area:
The following image depicts the southeastern parking area and a probable maintenance area:
-Soltsy (Tu-22M3)
-Location: 58°08'21.85"N 30°19'46.96"E
-Visible ORBAT: 20 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Soltsy AB:
The following image depicts the parking area:
Ukrainka (Tu-95MS)
-Location: 51°09'56.97"N 128°26'52.51"E
-Visible ORBAT: 16 Tu-95MS (airfield is partly low resolution)
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Ukrainka AB:
The following image depicts the visible parking area:
Ussuriysk (Tu-22M3)
-Location: 43°54'25.82"N 131°55'29.31"E
-Visible ORBAT: 27 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: S-300PM site 60 kilometers S

The following image depicts Ussuriysk AB:
The following image depicts the northern parking area:
The following image depicts the southern parking area:

STAGING FACILITIES

These locations are arctic air bases used to forward-deploy strategic aviation assets.

Anadyr
-Location: 64°44'08.67"N 177°44'34.02"E
-Visible ORBAT: None
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Anadyr AB:
Lakhta
-Lakhta AB is primarily used to support Tu-22M3 deployments.
-Location: 64°22'52.77"N 40°43'19.86"E
-Visible ORBAT: 2 Tu-22M3
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Lakhta AB:
The following image depicts the active parking ramp:
Tiksi
-Location: 71°41'51.07"N 128°54'12.69"E
-Visible ORBAT: None
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Tiksi AB:
Vorkuta East
-Location: 67°27'51.86"N 64°18'27.20"E
-Visible ORBAT: None (low resolution)
-Defenses: None

SUPPORT FACILITIES

These facilities provide a support role to the strategic aviation element.

Kazan
-Kazan is the location of the assembly halls which built the Tu-160, Tu-95, and Tu-22M3. Tu-160 airframes are still being completed here, and refurbishment work on Tu-95, Tu-160, and Tu-22M3 airframes is also conducted here.
-Location: 55°52'00.46"N 49°07'50.89"E
-Visible ORBAT: 1 Tu-160, 6 Tu-22M3

The following image depicts Kazan Airfield:
The following image depicts the parking area:
Nizhny Novgorod
-Nizhny Novgorod is the former location of the MiG-31 assembly line. MiG-31s are stored here as they await upgrade and/or refurbishment and a return to active service.
-Location: 56°19'09.49"N 43°47'55.64"E
-Visible ORBAT: 15 MiG-31

The following image depicts Nizhny Novgorod Airfield:
The following image depicts the western parking area:
The following image depicts the central parking area:
The following image depicts the eastern parking area:
Rzhev (MiG-31)
-Rzhev is a depot-level maintenance facility for the MiG-31 fleet. Many MiG-31s are stored here after being removed from service.
-Location: 56°15'34.72"N 34°24'31.07"E
-Visible ORBAT: 77 MiG-31
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Rzhev AB:
The following image depicts the western parking area:
The following image depicts the eastern parking area:
The following image depicts a MiG-31 taxiing out to the main runway:
Staraya Russa (A-50)
-Staraya Russa is a depot-level maintenance facility which serves various aircraft types, including the A-50.
-Location: 57°57'40.06"N 31°23'02.97"E
-Visible ORBAT: 2 A-50
-Defenses: None

The following image depicts Staraya Russa AB:
The following image depicts the parking area:
Zhukovskiy
-Zhukovskiy is the home of the primary flight test center for the Russian air forces. Each OKB maintains a flight test facility at Zhukovskiy for initial flight trials of prototype aircraft.
-Location: 55°33'11.07"N 38°08'57.53"E
-Visible ORBAT: 1 Tu-95, 3 Tu-160; 1 Tu-95 and 1 Tu-160 are present on the airfield but are in reality operational aircraft from Engels AB flown in for the 2007 Moscow Airshow.

The following image depicts Zhukovskiy AB:
The following image depicts the Tupolev OKB area at Zhukovskiy:

COMBAT PERFORMANCE

In order to fully appreciate the capability and reach of Russia's strategic air arm, the following images are provided depicting the combat radii of different aircraft types.

Tu-22M3 BACKFIRE-C
-The Tu-22M3 has a combat radius of 2,200 kilometers.

The following image depicts the coverage area of the Tu-22M3 in western Russia:
The following image depicts the coverage area of the Tu-22M3 in eastern Russia:
Tu-95MS BEAR-H
-The Tu-95MS has a maximum unrefueled range of 10,500 kilometers with six Kh-55SM ALCMs. Combat radius is notionally calculated at 5,000 kilometers. Bear in mind that range and/or endurance can be increased with in-flight refueling.

The following image depicts North America. Given that the Tu-95MS is a strategic weapons platform, two range depictions are given. Orange lines depict the radius of the Tu-95MS from the three primary BEAR-H airfields, showing the closest points of approach to North America. Red lines depict the inland reach of the 3,000 kilometer range Kh-55SM ALCM. Bear in mind that the inland reach of the Kh-55SM can be increased by forward deploying the Tu-95MS to one of the three Arctic staging bases:
Tu-160 BLACKJACK
-The Tu-160 has a maximum unrefueled range of 12,300 kilometers with twelve Kh-55SM ALCMs. Combat radius is notionally calculated at 6,000 kilometers. Bear in mind that range and/or endurance can be increased with in-flight refueling.

The following image depicts North America. Given that the Tu-160 is a strategic weapons platform, two range depictions are given. The Orange line depicts the radius of the Tu-160 from Engels AB, showing the closest points of approach to North America. The red line depicts the inland reach of the 3,000 kilometer range Kh-55SM ALCM. Bear in mind that the inland reach of the Kh-55SM can be increased by forward deploying the Tu-160 to one of the three Arctic staging bases:
MiG-31 FOXHOUND
-The MiG-31 has a combat radius with no external fuel of 1250 kilometers at Mach 0.8, or 720 kilometers at Mach 2.35. Bear in mind that range and/or endurance can be increased with in-flight refueling.

The following image depicts the coverage area of MiG-31 interceptors in western and central Russia, based on the subsonic 1250 kilometer combat radius:
The following image depicts the coverage area of MiG-31 interceptors in eastern Russia, based on the subsonic 1250 kilometer combat radius:

SOURCES

Satellite imagery is provided courtesy of Google Earth.

The following books were consulted:
-Mikoyan MiG-31 (Famous Russian Aircraft series), by Yefim Gordon
-Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, by Pavel Podvig
-Tupolev Tu-160 BLACKJACK (Red Star Series #9), by Yefim Gordon

-This article was updated on 22 December 2007 to account for newly available and updated overhead imagery; Dolinsk-Sokol and Morshansk were removed from the list of active MiG-31 bases as they have been found to have no aircraft present, airfield imagery has been updated in numerous places, and orders of battle have been updated accordingly.

Zhukovskiy in Imagery

INTRODUCTION

One of the most important historical sites in the field of aviation history can be found southeast of the Russian capital of Moscow. Situated along the eastern bank of the Moskva river, the Gromov Flight Research Institute (LII) has been home to some of the most important aircraft and personalities in the history of aviation.

NOT RAMENSKOYE, BUT...

During the Cold War, LII was referred to in the West as Ramenskoye, owing to the belief that the airfield had taken the name of a nearby town. Apparently unbeknownst to the Western analysts, the facility was more closely associated with Zhukovskiy, and not Ramenskoye. Zhukovskiy, for example, is where the scientific counterpart to LII is housed, the Central Aerohydrondynamic Institute (TsAGI). TsAGI is responsible for research and design work, while LII is the flight test center.

The following image depicts the Gromov Flight Research Center facility located near Zhukovskiy, Russia:


Due to the misidentification of the airfield, somewhat inaccurate codenames were applied to new aircraft spotted at LII facilities. For example, the Tu-144 prototype SST, first sighted at the Tupolev facility located on the grounds of the airfield in 1969, was assigned the codename RAM-H. RAM-H denoted the aircraft as the eighth new type sighted at the (improperly named) Ramenskoye facility. Once aircraft were identified by type, appropriate ASCC codenames were then assigned. The codename for the Tu-144 was CHARGER, denoting a jet-powered transport aircraft (two syllable names were given to jet-powered aircraft, and names beginning with C denoted transport aircraft, to include commercial airliners).

GROMOV FLIGHT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The Gromov Flight Research Institute is home to a number of individual facilities owned and operated by various aircraft design bureaus. The closest Western comparison would, at first glance, seem to be Edwards AFB in California, the United States Air Force's major flight test facility found in the California desert. While it is true that nearly all of Russia's combat aircraft have been trialled at LII, this comparison is not entirely suitable. Being home to the various design bureau flight test operations, LII has also been home to the flight test programs for numerous civillian aircraft, such as the aforementioned Tu-144. In the Western world, for example, a new Boeing bomber may have been trialled at Edwards AFB, but a new Boeing airliner would likely be trialled at the civillian facility in Seattle. This emphasizes the massive impact that the LII facility has had on Soviet and Russian aviation, being the home to both civil and military flight test programs.

The following annotated image depicts the locations of various design bureau's facilities located on the grounds of the LII facility, as well as other important areas:


TUPOLEV

Perhaps the most significant design bureau to operate out of Zhukovskiy is named for one of the true pioneers of modern aviation, Andrei Tupolev. OKB Tupolev has produced some of the most recognizable military aircraft in the world, from the Tu-95 BEAR, the stalwart Cold Warrior, to the sleek and powerful Tu-160 BLACKJACK, the world's most powerful combat aircraft. OKB Tupolev has also produced some of history's most important civillian designs, including the world's first supersonic transport, the Tu-144 CHARGER.

The following image depicts the Tupolev ramp area at LII. Quite a few significant aircraft can be seen, such as Tu-160 strategic bombers, and the Tu-144LL testbed, a refurbished Tu-144D used in a joint US-Russian supersonic flight research program.


MIG AND SUKHOI

Aside from Tupolev, the most famous and well-known aircraft to begin their careers at LII are the fighter aircraft developed by MIG-MAPO and OKB Sukhoi. Many of these aircraft have gone on to have distinguished careers in both Russian and foreign service, including the MiG-23 FLOGGER tactical fighter and the Su-24 FENCER strike aircraft. Russia's fifth-generation fighter prototypes, the MiG 1.44 and Su-47, both conducted their flight test programs over the skies of Zhukovskiy. Current efforts include continued refining and updating of two of the most advanced fighter aircraft ever produced by the Russian aerospace industry, MIG-MAPO's MiG-29 FULCRUM and OKB Sukhoi's Su-27 FLANKER series.

The following image depicts the ramp area shared by the two fighter design bureaus at LII. Interesting aircraft of note include a solitary MiG-31M FOXHOUND-B advanced interceptor prototype, as well as a Sukhoi S-80 transport prototype.


YAKOVLEV

OKB Yakovlev also conducts flight test operations on the grounds of the LII facility, and while it is not as active as Tupolev or MiG/Sukhoi, it does consistently venture into both the military and civillian aspects of aviation.

The following image depicts OKB Yakovlev's operations area at the LII facility. Various civillian types are in residence, as are a single Yak-130 trainer prototype and a single Yak-141 V/STOL fighter demonstrator. An Su-34 FULLBACK can also be seen on the taxiway.


MYASISCHEV

OKB Myasischev has seen its contribution to Russian aviation gradually reduced over the past few decades. Once home to a massive strategic aviation design effort, that area of work was mostly taken over by OKB Tupolev after the failure of the M-50 BOUNDER supersonic bomber project. OKB Myasischev's last significant contribution to Russian strategic aviation may be little known outside Russian circles, however, as it was responsible for the M-18 design passed to OKB Tupolev for development into what became the Tu-160 strategic bomber.

The following image depicts the area surrounding OKB Myasischev's ramp space at the LII facility. OKB Myasischev still operates the VM-T Atlant transporter, a converted M-4 BISON strategic bomber outfitted for the carriage of oversized external loads relating to Russia's space program. An M-55 MYSTIC-B high-altitude surveillance aircraft can also be seen on the ramp. Nearby are two Beriev 976 range-control aircraft, converted Ilyushin Il-76 CANDID transports to a configuration similar to that of the Beriev A-50 MAINSTAY AEW&C aircraft. A solitary Su-30MKI prototype can also be seen in the area.


THE MOSCOW AIRSHOW

One of the most important functions of the LII facility is to host the recurring Moscow Aerosalon, one of the most famous airshows in the world.

The following image depicts a number of aircraft being prepared for display at the 2007 Moscow airshow. Various combat aircraft can be seen, as well as an example of the NPO Mash 3M25 Meteorit supersonic cruise missile.


CONCLUSION

The Gromov Flight Research Institute in Zhukovskiy is one of the most interesting aviation-related facilities in the world. Home to numerous historic flight test programs and one of the longest runways in Europe, it is truly a fascinating facility to observe in imagery. One can only hope that the next century is as interesting as the last. With the ingenuity constantly shown by Russian aeronautical engineers, not much hope may be needed after all.

SOURCES

-All satellite imagery provided courtesy of Google Earth

The KS-1A SAM System: A Site Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Southwest of Kunming, one can find the latest evidence of the ongoing modernization of the Chinese air defense network. With the large amount of effort underway to modernize the Chinese air defense network through the inclusion of long-range strategic SAM systems like the S-300PMU-1 and HQ-9, the appearance of a cheaper, short-range complement designed to replace the HQ-2 and supplement the long-range assets is a logical development. The KS-1A can serve as a close-in point defense system to complement the more advanced systems, as well as performing as a gap filler to preclude the need for additional, expensive strategic SAM systems.

THE KS-1A SAM SYSTEM

The KS-1A represents the current configuration of the KS-1 SAM system. The KS-1 was developed in the 1980's as a replacement for the HQ-2 GUIDELINE strategic SAM system. Due to reasons which have not been publicly disclosed at this time, the KS-1 did not enter Chinese military service when development was completed in 1994. A likely reason was the poor maneuvering capability of the missile. Open source reporting indicates that the weapon could only engage targets with a 5g maneuvering capability, making the KS-1 largely ineffective for defending against modern fighter aircraft. The improved KS-1A variant, which was publicly revealed at the Zhuhai Airshow in 2002, is the current variant of the system which has now been adopted for service.

The KS-1A is a command guided weapon with a range of 50 kilometers, capable of intercepting targets at altitudes of up to 27,000 meters. The command guided weapon is controlled by an SJ-202 phased-array radar, which appears to be generally similar to the HT-233 radar used to guide the HQ-9 SAM system. The TEL vehicle can mount either a single or a dual launcher, and the design of the components (including the towed SJ-202 radar set) would seem to imply that the system is at least semi-mobile and capable of rapid relocation to improve system survivability.

The single identified KS-1A site is found southwest of Kunming in southern China at the following coordinates:

24 54' 51.79" N 102 33' 47.22" E

KS-1A SITE LAYOUT

The KS-1A SAM system is deployed at a prepared site similar in layout to those constructed for the S-300P and HQ-9 SAM systems. A raised berm in the center of the site is present to mount the SJ-202 engagement radar. Surrounding that berm are six square pads, each containing a single TEL. There are various structures present, ostensibly to house support equipment, power generation vehicles, and command and control facilities. The visible components appear to be connected via cables, potentially providing the system with a measure of communications security.

The following image depicts the sole Chinese KS-1A site:


SYSTEM COVERAGE

The KS-1A enjoys a 15 kilometer increase in effective range over the HQ-2, and as such represents an relatively significant improvement in air defense capability.

The following image depicts the engagement zone of the Kunming KS-1A SAM site:


CONCLUSION

The first operational KS-1A battery to be identified in open-source imagery indicates that the system has moved from development to deployment and is prepared to take its place among the other land-based air defense assets protecting the Chinese mainland. Coupled with the HQ-9, the KS-1A provides China with the ability to construct and deploy an entirely indigenous modern SAM network.

SOURCES

-Jane's Land Based Air Defence 2006-07
-The KS-1A SAM system
-All satellite imagery provided courtesy of Google Earth

Slightly Revised Layout

I've altered the layout over on the right to a small degree. I divided the Recommended Links section into Websites and Blogs. Websites are still those places on the web which I find amusing, and the blogs listed are places which have been found to link to this site in some fashion.